Eswatini: Civic Space for Election Observers (2025)

Composite Score: 4.5/10 — Repressed

Public legitimacy amid constrained civic space

Overview

Civic space is severely limited with active threats. Observers face hostile conditions and active interference.

Eswatini received a composite score of 4.5/10 in the 2025 AfEONet assessment, placing it in the Repressed category. This assessment covers Southern Africa and evaluates eight dimensions of civic space for election observers.

Dimension Scores

Analysis by Dimension

1. Regulatory Framework (4/10)

The legal and regulatory environment for election observers in Eswatini presents significant challenges.

2. Administrative Constraints (4/10)

Administrative processes create substantial barriers for observer organizations seeking accreditation and access.

3. EMB Relationship (5/10)

The relationship between civil society observer organizations and the Electoral Management Body is mixed, with areas of cooperation alongside tensions.

4. Security & Well-being (4/10)

Physical security conditions for election observers pose serious risks.

5. Access to Electoral Data (5/10)

Observer access to electoral data and transparency mechanisms exists but faces systematic limitations.

6. Access to Funding (4/10)

Financial sustainability for observer organizations is critically compromised.

7. Dialogue & Consultation (5/10)

Mechanisms for dialogue between observer organizations and government institutions exist but are inconsistent.

8. Perception of Observers (5/10)

Public and institutional perception of election observers is mixed, with some acceptance and some suspicion.

Key Findings

• Composite Score: 4.5/10 (Repressed)
• Strongest dimension: EMB Relationship (5/10)
• Weakest dimension: Regulatory Framework (4/10)
• Region: Southern Africa

Recommendations

Based on the 2025 assessment, priority areas for improvement in Eswatini include:

1. Reform regulatory frameworks — Address restrictive laws limiting observer accreditation
2. Diversify funding mechanisms — Reduce dependence on external donors through domestic resource mobilization
3. Strengthen EMB-CSO collaboration — Formalize cooperation protocols between EMBs and observer organizations

Methodology

This assessment is based on the AfEONet Report 2025: Eyes on the Ballot Watchers by Abel Eseru. Scores reflect evaluation of eight dimensions on a 0-10 scale:

Note: Scores are estimates based on the report. Verification with AfEONet field data is recommended.